Acca feijoa

Acca feijoa (Acca sellowiana) is an evergreen fruit tree or large shrub known for its edible fruit pulp, which has an unusual aroma and a high vitamin content. The plant is often called "feijoa" or "pineapple guava" due to the similarity of its aroma and taste to a mixture of strawberry, pineapple, and guava. Botanically, Acca feijoa belongs to the myrtle family (Myrtaceae) and can be cultivated both as an ornamental and fruit-bearing plant, especially in subtropical regions.

Etymology of the name

The genus name Acca is given in honor of the Portuguese botanist João da Silva Acca, who contributed to the study of South American flora. The species epithet sellowiana honors the German naturalist and plant collector Friedrich Sellow, who studied the plant diversity of Brazil. In everyday language, the plant is often called feijoa, which comes from the name of Brazilian naturalist João da Silva Feijó, but in scientific literature, the name Acca sellowiana has been established.

Life form

In its natural habitat, Acca feijoa appears as an evergreen shrub or small tree, typically reaching 3–5 meters in height. Its crown is often spreading, with numerous branches covered in thick, leathery leaves. Due to its compactness and relatively slow growth, feijoa can be conveniently cultivated both outdoors in a suitable climate and in containers (on terraces or in winter gardens).

Another important feature of Acca feijoa’s life form is its ability to bear fruit for many years with proper care. The plant is a slow-growing yet fairly durable woody species. Moreover, feijoa can tolerate some drops in temperature, retaining its evergreen leaves, although in cold climates, additional protection or greenhouse cultivation is required.

Family

Acca feijoa belongs to the myrtle family (Myrtaceae), a large family that includes well-known genera such as eucalyptus (Eucalyptus), clove (Syzygium aromaticum), myrtle (Myrtus), and various fruit crops, including guava (Psidium). Myrtle plants are often characterized by essential oils in their leaves, which give them distinctive aromas and phytocidal properties.

Another notable feature of the family is the presence of perennial woody forms, typically found in tropical and subtropical zones. Many members of the myrtle family are prized for their decorative flowers as well as for their edible or medicinal use. As a member of this family, Acca feijoa demonstrates typical traits: evergreen foliage, leathery leaf structure, and a rich chemical composition of essential oils.

Botanical characteristics

Feijoa usually reaches 3–5 meters in height and, under favorable conditions, forms a compact tree or dense shrub. The leaves are opposite, elliptical, glossy on top, and covered with silvery pubescence on the underside. The flowers are large, solitary or grouped in clusters, with up to 4–5 reddish petals and numerous bright stamens of a red-pink color located in the center.

The fruits are oval or slightly pear-shaped, green in color, with a waxy coating. Inside the fruit, there is a delicate, creamy pulp filled with numerous small seeds. The aroma and taste are often described as a mix of pineapple, strawberry, and strawberry guava, making feijoa a popular fruit in subtropical climates.

Chemical composition

Feijoa fruits are valued for their high content of vitamin C, iodine, organic acids, and carbohydrates (fruit sugars). The leaves and flowers contain essential oils, flavonoids, and other phenolic compounds. The fruit pulp consists of a watery and denser part enriched with vitamins (A, E), micronutrients (K, Mg), and fiber.

There is a belief that feijoa fruits are useful for the prevention of thyroid diseases due to their high content of easily digestible iodine, although the exact concentration may vary depending on soil and climate conditions.

Origin

The native range of Acca feijoa includes the mountainous regions of South America, particularly in Brazil, Uruguay, Paraguay, and Argentina, where the plant grows in subtropical forests and on slopes. It was introduced to Europe in the early 20th century and quickly attracted the attention of gardeners, gradually spreading as both a fruit and ornamental plant in the Mediterranean and Black Sea coasts.

In the former Soviet Union, the plant adapted well to the Black Sea coast of the Caucasus, Crimea, and several other regions with mild winters. Successful cultivation of feijoa is also reported in the subtropical zones of Georgia and Azerbaijan. Breeding work has led to the development of forms that are more cold-resistant, expanding the cultivation range.

Ease of growing

Growing Acca feijoa in regions with mild winters is relatively easy, as the plant is quite resistant to moderate frosts (down to -10–12 °C). The plant establishes well and produces fruit when given sufficient summer watering and a sunny location. Caution is needed in areas with wet and cold winters, as excessive moisture can lead to root diseases.

For indoor or greenhouse cultivation, it is important to meet several conditions (fertile and well-drained substrate, abundant light, moderate watering). Overall, feijoa is not considered particularly capricious, but it does require regular care and balanced fertilization for stable flowering and fruit formation.

Species and varieties

The genus Acca (or Feijoa, according to the old classification) is mainly known for the species Acca sellowiana. There are different varieties distinguished by fruit size, flavor, ripening speed, and cold resistance. Some of the most common varieties include "Nikitsky Aromatic," "Crimean Early," "Suprefor," and "Coolidge." Each variety has its own features regarding ripening time, fruit size, and taste.

Hybridization within the genus is not widespread, so the choice of feijoa varieties is largely determined by gardeners' preferences, such as fruit size, taste, and the required ripening period. In ornamental horticulture, some forms are noted for emphasizing the unusual beauty of the flowers, but these often yield fewer fruits.

Size

In the open ground, Acca feijoa usually reaches a height of 2–5 meters, forming a woody trunk or several branching trunks. The crown can be wide and spreading, sometimes reaching 2–3 meters in diameter. Everything depends on growing conditions, variety, the presence of fertilizers, and pruning.

When grown in containers, the plant usually has more modest dimensions, as the volume of the pot and overall conditions (limited space, indoor microclimate) slow down growth. Pruning and pinching can also restrict the height to 1–2 meters, which is especially convenient for small greenhouses or indoor spaces.

Growth intensity

Feijoa grows moderately: under favorable conditions, the annual growth of shoots can reach 20–30 cm. Growth is most intense in the early years (2–5 years), when the plant forms its main skeletal branches. In subsequent years, the growth rate slows somewhat, and the shrub forms a dense crown.

Growth is influenced by environmental factors: light, temperature, soil fertility, and watering. With insufficient light or watering, growth slows down, and with excess moisture and nitrogen fertilizers, the tree may excessively increase leaf growth at the expense of future flowering.

Lifespan

Acca feijoa can live and bear fruit for 30–40 years, although the maximum yields occur at 10–15 years of age. Over time, the plant can remain healthy, but flowering and fruiting volumes may gradually decrease. With regular rejuvenating pruning, the plant can maintain its ornamental value and continue to yield fruit for a longer period.

In indoor conditions or greenhouses, where space and substrate volume are limited, the lifespan may be somewhat shortened. However, with proper care (monitoring watering, fertilization, and lighting), many specimens live successfully for more than 10–15 years, continuing to form flowers and fruits.

Temperature

The optimal temperature for Acca feijoa during the growing season and fruit formation is 20–28 °C. The plant can tolerate low negative temperatures (down to -10–12 °C) in open ground, especially when it comes to mature specimens. However, young plants are more vulnerable to frosts.

When grown indoors, it is important not to allow excessive heat above 30–35 °C in dry air, as well as strong temperature fluctuations in winter. The acceptable regime is 5–10 °C during the dormant phase, which helps Acca feijoa set buds for future flowering without wasting energy on excessive growth during an unfavorable period.

Humidity

Feijoa grows best at moderate humidity, around 50–60%. Very dry air (below 30–35%) can lead to bud drop and slowed growth. If the plant is grown indoors, it is recommended to use humidifiers or periodically mist the leaves if the air is too dry.

Excess humidity (above 80–85%) can lead to fungal diseases, especially when combined with low temperatures. In open ground, Acca feijoa usually tolerates fluctuations in air humidity, especially with adequate crown aeration.

Lighting and room placement

The optimal lighting is bright, diffused sunlight. In the garden, feijoa is planted in open, sunny spots with light shade during the hottest hours. When grown indoors, the pot should be placed by a south or southwest-facing window, shading from too intense midday sun if necessary.

A lack of light affects flowering and fruiting. If there is insufficient natural light in the room, grow lights should be used to provide at least 12 hours of daylight. This adjustment is especially important in the autumn-winter period in northern latitudes.

Soil and substrate

Acca feijoa needs loose, fertile soil with a pH level of 5.5–6.5. A typical substrate composition is:

• Soddy soil: 2 parts
• Peat: 1 part
• Sand (or perlite): 1 part
• Nutrient-rich leaf soil (if available): 1 part

Acidity can be slightly adjusted using pine needles or small amounts of acidic peat. Drainage is mandatory: 2–3 cm of expanded clay or large gravel at the bottom of the pot to prevent water stagnation and root rot.

Watering

During the spring and summer, feijoa actively grows and forms buds and fruits, so watering should be regular. The soil should remain moderately moist but not soggy. Before the next watering, the top layer of substrate can be allowed to dry 1–2 cm, especially if the plant is in a pot.

In winter, when the temperature drops or the plant enters dormancy, watering should be reduced. If the temperature in the room is around 10–12 °C, watering once every 7–10 days is sufficient to prevent root dehydration. Overwatering during this period is especially dangerous, as it can lead to root rot and disease.

Fertilizing and feeding

During the active growth and fruiting period (April to August), complex mineral fertilizers for fruit plants should be applied every 2–3 weeks. Universal fertilizers or specialized mixtures with higher potassium and phosphorus content, which stimulate bud and fruit formation, can be used.

Fertilizing can be done via root watering with a fertilizer solution or by surface incorporation of granules. It is important to follow the manufacturer's instructions to avoid overfeeding the plant, which could lead to excessive shoot growth. In autumn and winter, fertilizing is minimized or stopped, allowing the plant to rest.

Flowering

Acca feijoa flowers at the end of spring or early summer. The flowers are large, with thick fleshy petals, the outer side of which is pale pink, and the inner side is whitish. The main decoration is the bright red stamens, giving the flower an exotic look. The flowers may appear singly or in groups, creating a beautiful display against the dark green foliage.

For successful fruit set, cross-pollination between different plants or varieties is often required. In the case of a single plant indoors or in an isolated location, the harvest may be minimal. Sometimes, gardeners use manual pollination (transferring pollen with a brush) to increase the number of fruits.

Propagation

Feijoa can be propagated by seeds and cuttings. The seed method involves sowing seeds extracted from ripe fruits in a light substrate (peat, sand). Pre-soaking may not be required, but it is important to maintain a temperature of 20–25 °C and good humidity. Germination occurs within 2–3 weeks.

Cuttings are taken from semi-woody shoots, 10–15 cm in length. The lower leaves are removed, and the cutting is treated with a rooting hormone. The cuttings are rooted in a moist substrate at 22–24 °C with moderate humidity. After 4–6 weeks, roots form, after which the cuttings are transplanted into separate pots.

Seasonal features

In spring, feijoa begins to actively grow and form flower buds. During this time, it is important to provide regular fertilization and proper watering. In summer, the main flowering and fruit formation take place. In warm conditions with adequate light, the process may be completed by autumn, yielding a full harvest.

In autumn, the plant may continue fruit development; in cooler regions, the fruits may ripen by early winter. In winter, as the temperature drops and daylight hours shorten, Acca feijoa slows down its metabolism. If the temperature indoors is around 10–15 °C, the plant partially enters dormancy.

Care features

The main care feature is ensuring adequate lighting and moisture control. Feijoa does not like excessive watering, but soil drying can negatively affect flowering and fruit set. Formative pruning helps maintain a neat shape and stimulate branching. Regular observation of leaf condition and timely fertilization improve productivity.

It is also important to remember potential pollination issues: if only one plant is grown without access to pollinating insects or another plant of the same species, fruit set may not occur. In indoor conditions, some gardeners resort to manual pollination by carefully transferring pollen with a brush.

Indoor care

For indoor cultivation, feijoa should be placed in the brightest location—preferably a south or southwest-facing window. If the sunlight is too intense, light shading during midday hours should be used. The pot should be spacious, as the root system of an adult plant is quite developed. Good drainage is essential.

Watering should be arranged so that the substrate remains slightly moist but not soaked. In winter, when the temperature drops and daylight hours shorten, watering is reduced. Fertilizing is done every 2–3 weeks with fertilizers for fruit-bearing plants. At high temperatures and intense light, the plant may remain vegetatively active, while in cooler conditions, it partially reduces its metabolism.

In container cultivation, size control is achieved by pinching the tops and performing sanitary pruning. This is necessary to prevent the tree from growing too quickly upwards. The root system requires regular substrate renewal, usually repotting is done every 2–3 years or as needed.

Repotting

Choose a pot that is slightly larger than the previous one (by 2–3 cm in diameter), to avoid excessive substrate volume. A drainage layer of 2–3 cm (expanded clay, gravel) should be placed at the bottom. Repotting is best done in early spring before active growth begins or just before pruning so that the tree adapts quickly to the new conditions.

Transplanting while preserving part of the root ball reduces stress on the roots, especially if the plant is large and adapted. If the substrate is saline or the roots appear unhealthy, a partial soil replacement is done, and damaged roots are trimmed and treated with charcoal or fungicide.

Pruning and crown formation

Pruning Acca feijoa serves two purposes: sanitary (removal of dry, damaged branches) and formative (regulation of crown height and shape). The procedure is carried out in late winter or early spring, before the active sap flow begins, to reduce stress on the plant.

To create a bushier shrub, pinching young shoots by one-third of their length stimulates the formation of lateral branches. Periodically, the interior of the crown is thinned to improve ventilation and light access. Excessive pruning can delay flowering in the current season but often stimulates more vigorous flowering in the following year.

Potential problems and their solutions

Root rot and fungal infections occur due to overwatering and lack of drainage. The plant starts to wilt, leaves turn yellow and fall off. The solution is to immediately reduce watering, improve drainage, and, if necessary, repot the plant and treat the roots with fungicides.

A lack of light leads to leggy growth, sparse or absent flowering, and pale leaves. The solution is to move the pot to a brighter location or use supplementary lighting. Nutrient deficiencies manifest as chlorosis, slow growth, and poor yields. Regular fertilization resolves this issue.

Pests

Acca feijoa can be attacked by aphids, spider mites, mealybugs, and scale insects. Regularly inspect the underside of leaves and young shoots. In case of light infestations, soapy or alcohol solutions can be used. For large infestations, use insecticides as per the manufacturer’s instructions.

Prevention includes maintaining moderate humidity, good lighting, and no stagnant air. Overcrowding in pots and a humid environment encourage pests, so periodic ventilation and removal of dead leaves are recommended.

Air purification

As an evergreen plant in the myrtle family, feijoa releases phytoncides, which can partially purify the air from some pathogenic bacteria. Its broad leaves trap dust, which benefits the indoor microclimate. However, the effect is not as significant as with larger ficus species or feijoa grown in the open ground.

Any indoor greening improves psychological comfort and may increase humidity if several specimens are grown together. However, the air purification abilities of Acca feijoa should be realistically assessed, as it only makes a moderate contribution to creating a healthy microclimate.

Safety

Acca feijoa is generally safe for people and animals. The plant has no toxic parts, and the berries are edible and widely used in cooking. Allergic reactions to feijoa pollen are rare, but hypersensitive individuals may experience mild symptoms.

It is recommended to keep the plant out of reach of small children and pets to prevent branch damage or pot breakage. There is no direct danger from contact with the leaves or fruits, but it is always better to follow general safety precautions when handling unfamiliar plant species.

Wintering

In southern regions with mild winters, feijoa can overwinter outdoors, withstanding brief frosts down to -10–12 °C. In colder climates, the plant is either sheltered (with mulch around the root system, wrapping the trunk in agrotextile) or moved to a cool room where the temperature is around 10–15 °C.

For indoor cultivation, watering is reduced in winter, fertilizers are not applied, and the plant should be placed in the coolest possible corner to provide a short period of dormancy. In spring, as the temperature rises and daylight hours lengthen, regular watering and fertilization are resumed.

Beneficial properties

Feijoa fruits are valued for their high vitamin C, iodine, fiber, and antioxidant content. Regular consumption helps strengthen the immune system, support thyroid function, and improve overall well-being. The tender-tasting pulp is used in salads, desserts, and drinks.

The leaves and bark contain essential oils and phenolic compounds with antimicrobial properties. This may contribute to the ecological safety of the plant in

the garden, as some pathogens that land on its leaves are suppressed by natural substances found in the myrtle family.

Use in traditional medicine or folk recipes

In some countries, feijoa fruits are used for the prevention of vitamin deficiencies, anemia, and thyroid disorders. Jams, pastes, and tinctures made from the fruit are believed to have beneficial effects on immunity and metabolism. Water infusions of the leaves are sometimes used as compresses for mild skin inflammations.

Scientific data on the effectiveness of these methods is limited, and official medicine does not recognize feijoa as a medicinal plant. However, moderate inclusion of the fruits in the diet is viewed positively, given their vitamin and mineral value.

Use in landscape design

In landscaping, feijoa serves as an impressive solitaire or a focal element due to its exotic red-and-white flowers and decorative silvery foliage underneath. It blends well with other subtropical plants, forming harmonious groups.

Vertical gardens and hanging compositions for feijoa are less applicable due to its woody nature and relatively slow growth. However, in spacious patios, winter gardens, or large containers on terraces, it can become an ornament if given enough light and warmth.

Compatibility with other plants

Growing feijoa alongside other subtropical species (such as citrus, oleanders, or olives) creates a harmonious ensemble, reminiscent of the Mediterranean style. Adequate space for roots is crucial so that different plants do not compete too harshly for water and nutrients.

It is better not to plant near large moisture-loving plants, as their watering needs will significantly differ from those of feijoa. When choosing companions, one should consider their light and soil pH requirements as well as their ability to thrive in the same climate zone.

Conclusion

Acca feijoa (Acca sellowiana) is an amazingly beautiful and beneficial plant from the myrtle family. Its striking flowers, exquisite-tasting fruits, and evergreen foliage have made it popular in southern regions, as well as in greenhouse and indoor cultivation. With the proper conditions (sufficient light, correct watering, suitable substrate), feijoa can delight gardeners both as an ornamental and fruit-bearing species.

It is important to remember that the plant does not like cold winters without protection and soil over-saturation. Nevertheless, it shows admirable drought resistance and is not overly demanding regarding soil acidity. These traits make feijoa an interesting choice for both experienced and novice gardeners who dream of having an exotic touch in their garden or on their windowsill.