Bessera

Bessera is a genus of perennial herbaceous plants in the Amaryllidaceae family. These plants originate from the tropical regions of Central America, particularly Mexico. Bessera is known for its bright, striking flowers, which can range from red to orange in color. It is a decorative plant commonly used in horticulture to create eye-catching floral compositions and decorative accents.

Plants of this genus typically have a compact growth form, with bright flowers arranged in spike-like or racemose inflorescences. Bessera can be used both for planting in open ground and for cultivation in home environments.

Etymology of the name

The genus name Bessera was given in honor of the German botanist and researcher of Mexican flora Friedrich Besser, who described and studied many plants of Central America in the 19th century. The plant's name thus reflects recognition of Besser's contribution to botanical research.

This name underscores the significance of Besser's discoveries and classifications of plants from the tropical flora, including species like Bessera, which attracted the attention of scientists due to their decorative qualities and unique biological features.

Life form

Bessera is a perennial herbaceous plant with a short stem that forms compact clumps or small rosettes of linear or lance-shaped leaves. In nature, it is often found in elevated areas, such as rocky or stony slopes in forests, where it forms dense thickets that protect other plants from external factors.

In home environments, Bessera usually maintains a compact form, making it an attractive decorative plant for pots or containers. It can grow as a ground cover or be used to create small floral compositions.

Family

Bessera belongs to the Amaryllidaceae family, one of the most diverse families in the monocot class. The family includes about 60 genera and over 800 species of plants, many of which are ornamental. Plants in the Amaryllidaceae family often feature vibrant flowers and are used in horticulture for their aesthetic value.

Like other plants in the family, Bessera is characterized by its attractive flowers and growth form. It is adapted to life in tropical and subtropical regions and thrives in conditions with moderate humidity and bright lighting.

Botanical characteristics

Bessera has bright tubular flowers arranged in racemose or spike-like inflorescences, giving the plant an exotic appearance. The flowers are usually red or orange, sometimes with yellow or white accents, which make the plant attractive to pollinators such as birds and insects. The leaves of Bessera are long, narrow, and can be either green or bluish-green.

The plant’s root system is fairly strong, which helps Bessera adapt quickly to various conditions. The stem is either erect or slightly inclined, depending on the species, with leaves covered with small hairs, adding texture to the plant.

Chemical composition

Like many plants in the Amaryllidaceae family, Bessera contains various bioactive compounds such as alkaloids, flavonoids, and organic acids. These components possess antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antiseptic properties, making the plant potentially useful in folk medicine.

However, Bessera is primarily used as an ornamental plant. Despite the presence of active compounds, it is not a primary source of medicinal preparations and is mostly applied in gardening.

Origin

The genus Bessera originates primarily from the tropical and subtropical regions of Central and South America, where plants naturally grow in elevated or rocky areas. These plants are adapted to warm climates and thrive in conditions with good drainage and moderate humidity.

After its discovery, Bessera spread quickly worldwide and became a popular ornamental plant in gardens and homes. It successfully adapts to different climatic conditions, particularly in greenhouses where optimal conditions for growth and flowering can be provided.

Ease of cultivation

Bessera is a relatively low-maintenance plant that can grow in various types of soil but prefers well-drained, nutrient-rich substrates. It thrives in conditions with moderate humidity and bright, but indirect, light.

With proper care, Bessera grows quickly and can be easily cultivated in the garden or indoors. However, in conditions with insufficient light or inadequate watering, the plant may fall behind in growth and stop flowering.

Species and varieties

Main species of Bessera Bessera elegans (Elegant Bessera)

Description: Annual or perennial plant with slender stems and narrow lanceolate leaves. Flowers: Bright yellow or orange flowers gathered in racemose inflorescences. Features: Distinguished by high ornamental value and resilience to various climatic conditions.

Bessera pumila (Chinese Bessera)

Description: Perennial plant, reaching up to 30 cm in height. Leaves are narrow and linear. Flowers: Small, bright orange flowers gathered in dense inflorescences. Features: Perfect for rock gardens and borders due to its compact growth.

Bessera speciosa (Magnificent Bessera)

Description: Tall plant with broad, glossy leaves. Flowers: Large, bright red or orange flowers with a strong fragrance. Features: Attracts butterflies and bees, making it beneficial for pollination of garden plants.

Bessera alata (Winged Bessera)

Description: Plant with leaves having light wings along the edges. Flowers: Light yellow flowers gathered in loose inflorescences. Features: Easily propagated by division, simplifying cultivation.

Size

The size of Bessera varies depending on the species and growing conditions. Indoors, plants usually grow to a height of 30 to 60 cm, while in greenhouses or when grown outdoors, they can reach up to 1 meter or more. The size also depends on the frequency of pruning, which helps maintain a compact form.

Outdoor specimens of Bessera can grow into larger bushes with long flower stalks, adding visual appeal to the landscape.

Growth rate

Bessera grows fairly quickly, especially when provided with optimal conditions, such as high temperature and good lighting. During the summer, the plant can grow by 10 to 15 cm per month. In winter, growth slows down as the plant enters a dormant phase.

With proper care, Bessera reaches maturity quickly and can significantly increase in size during the season, especially if favorable conditions are provided for its growth.

Lifespan

Bessera is a perennial plant, and with proper care, it can last several years. In indoor conditions, its lifespan usually ranges from 2 to 5 years, depending on the variety and care conditions.

With regular repotting and proper care, Bessera can maintain its ornamental value and vitality for many years.

Temperature

Bessera prefers warm growing conditions, with an optimal temperature range from 20 to 25°C. It is sensitive to cold and cannot withstand frost, so it is important to maintain a stable temperature and avoid drastic temperature fluctuations during the winter.

For successful growth and development, it is essential to provide the plant with a constant temperature and avoid exposure to cold drafts or excessive heat from sources like radiators.

Humidity

Bessera requires moderate humidity, typically between 50-60%. Lack of humidity can cause the plant to wilt and stop flowering. It is especially important to monitor humidity during the winter when indoor air tends to be dry due to heating.

To maintain optimal humidity, you can use room humidifiers or regularly mist the plant’s leaves. However, it is important not to overwater the soil to avoid root rot.

Lighting and Indoor placement

Bessera prefers bright, indirect light. It cannot tolerate direct sunlight, which can cause leaf burn, so the best place for it is windows facing east or west.

If natural light is insufficient, especially during the winter, grow lights can be used for additional illumination. It is also important to avoid placing the plant near cold drafts or heat sources to prevent stress.

Soil and substrate

For Bessera, a loose, well-drained, and nutrient-rich substrate is essential. The optimal soil mix consists of garden soil, peat, sand, and perlite in a 2:1:1:1 ratio. This combination provides good aeration for the roots while maintaining sufficient moisture retention, promoting healthy growth and preventing water stagnation around the roots. The addition of perlite and sand improves the soil structure, preventing compaction and ensuring that water drains efficiently, which is crucial for preventing root rot.

The soil pH should be slightly acidic, ideally between 5.5 and 6.5, to allow for optimal nutrient absorption by the plant. Good drainage is also essential, so it is recommended to place a layer of expanded clay or fine gravel at the bottom of the pot to prevent water from accumulating, which could damage the roots.

Watering (summer and winter)

In summer, Bessera requires regular watering to support its active growth. The soil should be kept evenly moist but not waterlogged. Watering should be done when the top layer of soil dries out, but care must be taken not to let the plant sit in water. It is critical to ensure proper drainage in the pot to avoid root rot, as overwatering can lead to fungal infections.

During the winter, watering should be reduced significantly as the plant enters a dormant phase. The soil should be allowed to dry out slightly between waterings. Watering should only occur when the top layer of soil is completely dry. Overwatering during winter can lead to root rot and fungal issues, so it is important to keep the watering schedule moderate.

Fertilizing and feeding

During the growing season (spring to fall), Bessera benefits from regular feeding with a balanced liquid fertilizer. It is best to use fertilizers rich in phosphorus and potassium, as these nutrients promote vibrant blooms and strengthen the root system. Fertilizer should be diluted in water and applied every 2-3 weeks to ensure the plant has the necessary nutrients for healthy growth and flowering.

In winter, when Bessera is in a resting phase, it does not require fertilization. Applying fertilizers during this time can lead to the accumulation of salts in the soil, which could disturb the plant's metabolism and weaken it. Fertilizing should resume when the plant enters its active growing season.

Flowering

Bessera is highly prized for its ornamental flowers, which are typically tubular and arranged in dense racemes or spike-like clusters. The flowers are usually bright red or orange, with occasional yellow or white hues, making them particularly attractive to pollinators such as birds and insects. Flowering typically begins in spring and continues into fall, adding vibrant accents to gardens and indoor spaces.

The duration of flowering depends on the species and growing conditions. With proper light, regular feeding, and maintaining appropriate humidity, Bessera can produce continuous and abundant flowers, creating visually appealing floral displays throughout the growing season.

Propagation

Bessera can be propagated through both seeds and vegetative means. To propagate by seed, sow them in a light, moist soil at a temperature of 22-25°C. The seeds typically germinate in 2-3 weeks, and young plants should be carefully nurtured to ensure healthy development. Seed propagation is a slower method but can be used to introduce new genetic material.

Vegetative propagation is more commonly done using stem or leaf cuttings. These cuttings should be placed in a mixture of sand and perlite, where they will root in approximately 2-3 weeks. Vegetative propagation is faster and more reliable than seed propagation, allowing gardeners to preserve the characteristics of the parent plant.

Seasonal features

Bessera experiences a clear seasonal growth cycle. During the warmer months, the plant grows actively and requires regular care, including watering, fertilization, and pest control. It thrives in conditions with high light intensity and moderate temperatures. Ensuring sufficient light and a stable environment during this time supports optimal growth.

In the cooler months, Bessera enters a dormant phase, slowing its growth. Watering and nutrient needs decrease, and it is essential to reduce watering to prevent root rot. During this period, the plant needs a rest to prepare for the next growing season. Keeping the plant in a stable environment with minimal temperature fluctuations will help it remain healthy.

Care features

Caring for Bessera requires attention to key factors such as light, humidity, temperature, and consistent watering. The plant should not be exposed to direct sunlight for long periods, as this can scorch the leaves. Bright, indirect light is ideal. Maintaining a consistent temperature range and preventing large fluctuations will help the plant grow successfully.

Additionally, humidity is crucial for Bessera’s health. If humidity drops, particularly during the winter months due to heating systems, it is important to use a humidifier or mist the plant to maintain optimal conditions. Monitoring the soil moisture and avoiding overwatering is also key to preventing fungal infections and root rot.

Care in indoor conditions

To successfully grow Bessera indoors, it should be placed in a location that receives sufficient bright, indirect light. Windows facing east or west provide the ideal lighting, as the plant can benefit from several hours of indirect sunlight. If natural light is insufficient, especially during winter, supplemental lighting such as grow lights can be used.

Maintaining proper humidity is vital, especially in indoor environments where air can become dry, particularly in winter. Humidity levels should be maintained around 50-60%, which can be achieved through regular misting or using a room humidifier. It’s also important to ensure the plant does not sit in excess water, as stagnant water can lead to root rot.

Repotting

Bessera should be repotted every 1-2 years or when the roots begin to fill the pot. When choosing a new pot, select one that is 3-5 cm larger in diameter than the current one to provide the plant with enough space for root growth. It is essential that the pot has proper drainage holes to avoid waterlogging, which can lead to root rot.

The best time to repot Bessera is in spring when the plant begins its active growth phase. Carefully remove the plant from its old pot, taking care not to damage the roots, and place it in fresh, well-draining soil. Repotting allows the plant to refresh its growing medium and provides more space for the roots to expand.

Pruning and crown formation

Pruning is not mandatory for Bessera, but it can help maintain a compact shape and encourage new growth. Removing old or damaged leaves can improve the plant’s overall appearance and prevent the spread of disease. Regular trimming also stimulates new shoots, resulting in a fuller, bushier plant.

If the plant becomes too leggy or sparse, pruning can restore its form and enhance its decorative appeal. Regular trimming also encourages more flowering, ensuring that the plant remains vibrant and healthy throughout the growing season.

Potential problems and solutions

One of the most common issues with Bessera is root rot, which is often caused by overwatering or poor drainage. To prevent this, it’s crucial to monitor soil moisture and ensure proper drainage. If root rot occurs, remove the affected roots and repot the plant in fresh, well-drained soil.

Bessera can also suffer from nutrient deficiencies, which can result in stunted growth and poor flowering. Regular feeding with a balanced fertilizer that contains adequate phosphorus and potassium is essential for promoting healthy growth and vibrant blooms.

Pests

Bessera can be affected by pests such as spider mites, aphids, and whiteflies. To prevent infestations, regularly check the plant for signs of pests and treat with appropriate insecticides or natural remedies, such as a soapy water solution.

To protect the plant from pests, avoid overwatering and ensure proper air circulation around it. Healthy plants are less susceptible to pest attacks, so maintaining proper care and attention to plant health is the best defense.

Air purification

Bessera contributes to improving indoor air quality by absorbing carbon dioxide and releasing oxygen. This helps maintain fresh air, especially in spaces with poor ventilation. The plant is an excellent addition to rooms where air circulation is limited.

Additionally, Bessera can help increase humidity in the room, which is beneficial in the winter when the air tends to be dry due to heating systems. The added moisture improves the air quality for both the plant and the surrounding environment.

Safety

Bessera is non-toxic to humans and pets, making it a safe plant to grow indoors. However, it is always advisable to handle plants with care, as the sap may cause mild skin irritation in some individuals.

Despite its non-toxicity, the plant’s vibrant flowers may attract children or pets. It’s essential to monitor their interaction with the plant to prevent them from consuming parts of it, which could cause mild digestive discomfort.

Wintering

Wintering Bessera requires a stable environment with moderate temperatures between 15-18°C. Watering should be reduced, and the plant should be kept away from cold drafts to avoid stress. The plant’s growth will slow during this period, and it’s important to allow it to rest.

As spring approaches, gradually increase light exposure and watering to stimulate new growth. This transition prepares the plant for a healthy and vibrant new growing season.

Useful properties

While Bessera is primarily grown for ornamental purposes, it contains bioactive compounds like flavonoids, alkaloids, and organic acids. These compounds may have antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antiseptic properties, making the plant of interest in folk medicine.

Some species of Bessera have been used in traditional medicine for treating minor skin issues, and essential oils derived from the plant are used in aromatherapy and cosmetics.

Use in traditional medicine or folk recipes

In folk medicine, Bessera has been used to treat skin conditions such as eczema and dermatitis. The leaves are often used in infusions or poultices for their potential healing properties. However, scientific research on these uses is limited, and it is important to consult a healthcare professional before using Bessera for medicinal purposes.

Although Bessera has traditional medicinal uses, it is not widely recognized in modern pharmacology. Its primary application remains ornamental rather than therapeutic.

Use in landscape design

Bessera is highly valued in landscape design for its bright, ornamental flowers and compact growth habit. It is ideal for creating colorful flower beds, borders, and accent areas in gardens and parks. Its ability to adapt to various environments makes it a versatile plant for both functional and decorative purposes.

Bessera also works well in vertical gardens and hanging compositions. Its trailing varieties make it an excellent choice for hanging baskets and outdoor planters, adding beauty and structure to any space.

Compatibility with other plants

Bessera can be combined with other ornamental plants that have similar light and water requirements. It pairs well with other flowering plants, creating vibrant and contrasting compositions. It works particularly well with species that thrive in partial shade.

It is important to avoid placing Bessera next to plants that require different growing conditions, such as those needing full sun or dry soil, to ensure all plants thrive without competing for resources.

Conclusion

Bessera is a versatile and attractive plant that adds beauty and color to both indoor and outdoor spaces. Its ornamental flowers and compact growth habit make it a popular choice for gardeners and landscapers alike. With proper care, Bessera can thrive for many years, providing vibrant flowers and lush foliage.

Whether in the home, on a balcony, or in a garden, Bessera brings a touch of exotic beauty and harmony to any space, enhancing both the landscape and interior design.